Arable crops with and without plant protection

Morphological characteristics of Field bean:

Growth habit:
Annual, erect-growing herbaceous plant with a robust, usually unbranched, four-angled to rounded stem
The stem is divided into several nodes and internodes and may reach approximately 0.5–1.5 m in height, depending on the genotype or variety
Leaves:
Leaves alternate and paripinnate
The leaves consist of several oval to elliptic leaflets with a distinctly developed terminal leaflet or terminal pointed structure.
At the transition between the leaf blade and the leaf sheath, small stipules may be present
These are often relatively large and bear dark to blackish-brown nectaries.
The leaf base of faba bean is characterized by the leaf sheath and stipules
Inflorescence:
The inflorescences are axillary and are formed as short, raceme-like inflorescences. They usually contain a few pedicellate flowers
Flowers:
The flowers are zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and have a typical papilionaceous structure, consisting of a standard (vexillum),
two wings (alae), and a keel (carina) formed by two fused petals
The corolla is predominantly white to cream-colored. The wings often bear dark, black-violet to violet markings
Depending on the genotype and inflorescence, several flowers may be present; not all flowers develop into mature pods
Fruit:
The fruit is a multi-seeded, elongated legume (pod) that develops from the superior ovary
The pods are initially green and become increasingly thickened and leathery during seed maturation
At full maturity, they become yellowish-brown to dark brown or blackish-brown.
Seeds:
The seeds are large, oval to flattened-ellipsoidal, and surrounded by a relatively firm seed coat.
Seed color is genetically variable and may range from yellowish and beige to brown, violet-brown, or nearly black
A clearly recognizable hilum (seed scar) is present on the seed coat

Morphological Characteristics of the Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Growth habit:
Annual herbaceous plant with an erect to climbing, usually hollow and relatively slender stem
The stem is divided into several nodes and internodes and may reach approximately 0.3–2.0 m in length or height, depending on the genotype or cultivar
The plants can climb on neighbouring plants or structures by means of tendrils

Leaves:
Leaves alternate and paripinnate. The leaves consist of several oval to elliptical leaflets.
The terminal parts of the leaves are modified into branched tendrils (tendril leaves), which serve as climbing organs
Large, well-developed stipules are present at the leaf base
They partially clasp the stem and often have a distinctly slightly toothed or lobed shape
Inflorescence:
The inflorescences are axillary and are formed as short, raceme-like inflorescences. They usually contain one to several pedicellate flowers
Flowers:
The flowers are zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) and have a typical papilionaceous structure
They consist of a standard (vexillum), two wings (alae), and a keel (carina) formed by two petals
In cultivated forms, the corolla is predominantly white to pink or violet; depending on the genotype, different color gradations may also occur
The flowers are borne singly or in small numbers in the leaf axils
Depending on the genotype and inflorescence, several flowers may be present, not all of which develop into pods
Fruit:
The fruit is a multi-seeded, elongated pod (legume) that develops from the superior ovary
The pods are initially green, smooth, and fleshy. As the seeds mature, they change in consistency and may become increasingly dry and fibrous
Seeds:
The seeds are rounded to spherical or slightly flattened and have a smooth to slightly wrinkled seed coat
Depending on the genotype, seed colour may range from green through yellowish and cream-coloured to beige or brownish
A clearly visible hilum (seed scar) is present on the seed coat, marking the point of attachment of the seed to the suture of the pod

Morphological characteristics of winter oilseed rape:

Growth habit:
An annual to predominantly biennial crop plant with a strong taproot and an erect, branched shoot system
In autumn, winter oilseed rape initially develops a large basal leaf rosette with glaucous, wax-coated leaves. Following overwintering, it develops an erect, highly branched flowering stem
Plants commonly reach a height of approximately 100–140 cm at flowering
Leaves:
The leaves are generally bluish-green and glaucous, with a distinct waxy bloom
Lower leaves:
Large and petiolate, often lobed or pinnately divided, and sometimes sparsely hairy
Upper leaves:
Considerably smaller, usually oblong to lanceolate, mostly glabrous, and with a heart-shaped, stem-clasping base. The upper leaves partially clasp the stem
Flowers:
The flowers are four-merous, with four sepals and four bright yellow petals arranged in a cross-shaped pattern, characteristic of the family Brassicaceae
The flowers are borne in racemose inflorescences. A characteristic feature of oilseed rape is that the flower buds extend above the open flowers
Inflorescence:
The inflorescences are elongated racemes that become progressively longer during flowering. Following fertilization, the flowers develop into elongated, slender siliques containing numerous seeds
The siliques are borne on branched infructescences and generally mature progressively from the lower to the upper parts of the plant.
Seeds:
Seeds are small, globose to subglobose, and usually dark brown to black

Morphological characteristics of barley:

Growth habit:
Annual, tuft-forming grass with an erect, usually hollow culm consisting of several nodes and internodes
Leaves:
Leaf blades flat, linear, and parallel-veined, usually with a rough surface. Leaf sheaths enclose the culm
Leaf auricles (auriculae):
Long, sickle-shaped, non-ciliate auricles that largely to almost completely clasp the culm
Ligule (ligula):
Short to medium-sized, membranous, with a finely toothed or irregularly incised upper margin
Spike:
Terminal spike consisting of spikelets arranged in groups of three at each node of the rachis
The number of fertile spikelets determines whether the barley is two-row or six-row 
- Two-row barley:
At each node of the rachis, only the central spikelet is fertile, while the two lateral spikelets are sterile or strongly reduced
This results in two rows of grains
The spike is generally relatively narrow and flattened 
- Six-row barley:
At each node of the rachis, all three spikelets are fertile, resulting in six rows of grains
This results in four or six rows of grains, with the six-row form representing the typical multi-row barley
This makes the spike appear wider and sturdier 
Awns:
Very long and conspicuous, often extending well beyond the spike
Grain (caryopsis):
Elongated to elongated-ovoid, usually yellowish to yellowish-brown
In most cultivated barley forms, the caryopsis remains enclosed by the lemma and palea

Morphological characteristics of rye:

Growth habit:
Annual, tuft-forming grass with an erect, usually hollow and slender culm. The culm is divided into several nodes and internodes
Leaves:
Leaf blades are flat, linear, parallel-veined, and usually rough. The leaf sheaths enclose the culm
Auricles:
Short, narrow, and sickle-shaped, usually glabrous or only sparsely ciliate
They only partially clasp the culm and are less strongly developed than those of barley
Ligule:
Short to medium-sized, membranous, and usually smooth to finely toothed. It is located at the junction between the leaf sheath and leaf blade
Spike:
Terminal, slender, and elongated spike with a clearly developed rachis. One spikelet is borne at each node of the rachis
Compared with wheat and barley, the spike is relatively narrow and loosely structured
Spikelet:
The spikelets are predominantly two-flowered and each is enclosed by two glumes
Awns:
Very long, slender, and conspicuous. They arise from the lemmas and extend well beyond the spikelets
The awns give the rye spike its characteristic bristly appearance
Grain (caryopsis):
Elongated to oblong-oval, often greyish-green to yellowish-brown in colour
The caryopsis has a distinct ventral crease
At maturity and during threshing, the glumes and other floral structures are largely separated

Morphological characteristics of wheat:

Growth habit:
Annual, tuft-forming grass with an erect, hollow culm. The culm consists of several nodes and internodes and may produce lateral shoots through tillering
Leaves:
Leaves alternate and arranged distichously; leaf blades flat, linear, and parallel-veined; leaf sheaths enclosing the culm
Leaf auricles:
Short, sickle-shaped and partially clasping the culm; distinctly ciliate
Key field identification characteristic: Short, distinctly ciliate leaf auricles.
Ligule (ligulae):
Membranous, relatively short, approximately 1–4 mm long, usually truncate and finely toothed or ciliate
Spike: (ear)
Terminal, distichous spike bearing numerous sessile spikelets; spikelets borne singly along the rachis and comprising several florets
Awns:
The ear may be awned or awnless; in awned varieties, the awns may be several centimetres long
Grain (caryopsis):
Grain oval to ellipsoid, with a longitudinal groove and a tuft of hairs at the apex; depending on the variety, the grains may be yellowish, yellowish-brown, reddish, or whitish in colour

Morphological characteristics of Spelt:

Scientific Note:
Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) belongs to the group of hulled wheats
A characteristic feature is the firm attachment of the caryopsis to the glumes, so that the grains do not separate completely from them during threshing

Growth habit:
Annual, tuft-forming grass with an erect, usually hollow culm
The culm is divided by several nodes and internodes and may produce lateral shoots through tillering
Leaves:
Leaves alternate and arranged in two ranks. The leaf blades are flat, linear to lanceolate, parallel-veined, and have a rough surface. The leaf sheaths enclose the culm
Auriculae:
Short, sickle-shaped, partially clasping the culm, and distinctly ciliate
Important field characteristic: short, distinctly ciliate leaf auricles
Ligule:
Membranous and relatively short. The upper margin is predominantly truncate and may be smooth to finely toothed
Spike:
Terminal, erect to slightly nodding, elongated, and two-ranked. The spikelets are borne singly at the nodes of the rachis and contain several florets
The spike is comparatively long and loosely structured
At maturity, the rachis breaks into individual rachis segments, while the spikelets remain firmly enclosed by the hulls
Awns:
The spikelets may be awned or awnless
In awned forms, the awns arise from the lemmas and may be several centimetres long
However, their length and development vary depending on the cultivar or genotype
Grain (caryopsis):
Caryopsis elongated to elliptical, with a distinct ventral crease and a tuft of hairs at the distal end
In spelt, the caryopsis remains firmly enclosed by the lemma and palea after maturity
Depending on the genotype, the grains may range in color from yellowish to yellowish-brown to reddish