The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a perennial, woody, climbing plant and one of the oldest crops cultivated by humans. Most cultivated grape cultivars belong to Vitis vinifera. The fruit clusters develop on current-season shoots arising from one-year-old wood. Grapes are primarily cultivated for wine production and fresh consumption as table grapes, as well as for juice, raisins, and other grape-derived products.
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| Type | Interspecific hybrid grapevine cultivar |
| Variety | ‘Regent’ Bred in 1967 at the Institute for Grapevine Breeding at Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany; officially registered and approved for cultivation in Germany in 1996 |
| Ripening period | Medium; usually mid- to late September, depending on location and weather conditions |
| Grapes | Medium to large; loose to moderately loose; usually cylindrical to slightly shouldered |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish; dark blue to violet-blue; deeply colored juice with a high anthocyanin content |
| Flavor | Relatively subtle, fruity aroma with notes of cherry and blackcurrant; moderate acidity |
| Must | Often reaches high must weights under suitable site conditions and at moderate crop loads |
| Uses | Primarily used for red wine production; also suitable for rosé wine and grape juice |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): enhanced resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): enhanced resistance Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): relatively low susceptibility due to loose clusters; infection may nevertheless occur under unfavorable conditions Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii): no specific resistance Red blight (Pseudopezicula tracheiphila): no specific resistance Phomopsis (Diaporthe ampelina): no specific resistance |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous; medium-early budbreak; low tendency to produce lateral shoots; regular pruning recommended |
| Site | Warm, sunny, and preferably sheltered locations; moderate to high soil requirements; deep, well-drained soils preferred. Consistent water availability during the growing season is beneficial; waterlogging should be avoided. |
| Winter Hardiness | Good winter hardiness; comparatively tolerant of winter frost |
| Nutrient requirements | Moderate nutrient requirements; adequate magnesium supply should be ensured |
| Plant Protection | Reduced fungicide requirements compared with conventional, non-resistant grapevine cultivars; the extent of reduction depends on weather conditions, site characteristics, disease pressure, and crop management. |
| Example of cultivation management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine; interspecific hybrid |
| Variety | 'Cabernet Cortis' Bred in 1982 at the State Viticultural Institute in Freiburg, Germany |
| Ripening period | Early to mid-season; typically ripening in September, depending on location and weather conditions |
Grapes Berries | Medium to large; loose to moderately loose; mostly cylindrical to slightly shouldered Medium-sized, roundish; dark blue to violet-blue; deeply colored juice with a high anthocyanin content |
| Flavor | Intense, fruity and spicy, with slightly tart characteristics; often showing notes of blackcurrant (cassis), elderberry, and pepper |
| Must | Often reaches high must weights under suitable site conditions and at moderate crop loads |
| Uses | Primarily used for red wine production; also suitable for rosé wine and grape juice |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): enhanced resistance Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea): comparatively low susceptibility, particularly with loose clusters; infection may nevertheless occur under unfavorable conditions Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii): no complete resistance Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Diaporthe ampelina): no specific resistance |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous; upright; medium-early budbreak; low tendency to produce lateral shoots |
| Location | Sunny to partially shaded, preferably warm and sheltered sites; also suitable for cooler wine-growing regions because of its relatively early ripening Deep, well-drained, moderately fertile soils; waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Comparatively good winter hardiness |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; adequate magnesium supply should be ensured |
| Plant Protection | A substantial reduction in fungicide use may be possible compared with non-resistant cultivars; the extent of reduction depends on site conditions, weather, disease pressure, and crop management |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine (Vitis spp.); interspecific hybrid |
| Variety | ‘Cabernet Jura’ According to the breeder: 'Cabernet Sauvignon' × a fungus-resistant cultivar; molecular genetic analyses have assigned the cultivar to the cross 'Medina' × 'Kaberne Severnyi' Red wine grape cultivar bred in 1992 in the Swiss canton of Jura by Valentin Blattner |
| Ripening period | Mid- to late season; depending on site conditions, crop load, and weather during the growing season |
| Grapes | Medium-sized; loose to moderately loose; the loose cluster structure contributes to comparatively favorable conditions with respect to Botrytis infection |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish; dark blue to violet-blue; deeply pigmented juice with a high anthocyanin content |
| Flavor | Fruity and berry-like; often characterized by notes of dark berries and a slight muscat character |
| Must | Good to high must weights can be achieved under suitable site conditions and with appropriately managed crop loads |
| Uses | Primarily used for red wine production; also suitable for rosé wine and grape juice |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): high to very high resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): high resistance Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea): comparatively high resistance; the loose cluster structure is additionally advantageous Other fungal diseases: no complete resistance to all fungal pathogens; infections may occur under unfavorable conditions |
| Growth | Vigorous, upright growth; medium-early to early budbreak; low to moderate tendency to produce lateral shoots Yield regulation may be necessary because of the vigorous growth and relatively high yield potential |
| Site | Sunny to partially shaded, preferably warm and sheltered sites; because of its mid- to late ripening, well-exposed and sufficiently warm vineyard sites are preferred Deep, well-drained, moderately fertile soils; waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Good resistance to winter frost |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; an adequate magnesium supply should be ensured |
| Plant Protection | A substantial reduction in fungicide use may be possible compared with conventional, non-fungus-resistant cultivars; the actual requirement depends on site conditions, weather, disease pressure, and crop management |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine (Vitis spp.); interspecific hybrid grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Muscat Bleu’ Switzerland, Canton of Geneva; bred by Charles Garnier in the 1930s |
| Ripening period | Early; approximately late August to mid-September, depending on location and weather conditions |
| Grapes | Large, elongated to conical, often winged; loosely to very loosely clustere |
| Berries | Medium-sized to large, roundish to slightly oval; dark blue to blue-black; firm, crisp flesh and relatively firm skin; few seeds, but not seedless, typically about 1–2 seeds per berry |
| Flavor | Sweet, juicy, and distinctly aromatic, with a pronounced, characteristic muscat flavor; the muscat character may decrease if the grapes remain on the vine for an extended period after full ripeness. |
| Must | Good to high must weights are possible with suitable site selection and moderate yield management |
| Uses | Primarily for fresh consumption; also suitable for grape juice and jelly, and to a limited extent for winemaking |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): Good to high resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): High to very high resistance Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): Low to moderate susceptibility; the loose structure of the grapes has a favorable effect on susceptibility to rot Other fungal diseases: No complete resistance to all fungal pathogens; infection is possible under unfavorable conditions |
| Growth | Vigorous to strong, upright; medium- to early budbreak; low to moderate tendency to produce suckers Yield regulation may be necessary due to vigorous growth and high yield potential |
| Site | Sunny, warm, and preferably sheltered locations; wind-protected sites are advantageous due to a certain tendency toward fruit drop during flowering Sandy to humus-rich, well-drained, and sufficiently nutrient-rich soils; avoid waterlogging A consistent water supply during the growing season is beneficial; drought stress can impair fruit development, particularly under high yield pressure |
| Winter Hardiness | Good to high resistance to winter frost |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate nutrient requirements; balanced fertilization is recommended. Adequate magnesium availability may be particularly important on light soils. |
| Plant Protection | A significantly reduced fungicide input compared with conventional, non-fungus-resistant cultivars is possible. Actual plant-protection requirements depend on site conditions, weather, cultivar development, and disease pressure |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Species | Grapevine (Vitis spp.); interspecific hybrid grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Helios’ ‘Merzling’ x (‘Seyve-Villard 12-481’ x ‘Müller-Thurgau’) Bred in Germany at the State Institute of Viticulture in Freiburg in 1973 by Norbert Becker |
| Ripening period | early to mid-early; depending on site conditions, weather, and crop load, approximately late August to mid-September |
| Grapes | Medium-sized; slightly shouldered to cylindrical; relatively loose; the loose cluster structure is favorable for reducing the risk of Botrytis infection |
| Berries | Small to medium-sized; roundish; yellow-green to yellow when fully ripe; the berry skin may develop characteristic brownish-violet speckling at maturity |
| Flavor | Fruity, full-bodied, and aromatic, with notes of apple, citrus, mirabelle plum, and lemon balm, sometimes accompanied by floral notes; lively acidity |
| Must | Good to high must weights are possible in suitable locations with appropriate yield management |
| Suitability | Primarily for white wine production |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): high level of resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): high level of resistance Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): comparatively low susceptibility Other fungal diseases: not completely resistant to all fungal pathogens; no complete resistance; infections may occur under unfavorable conditions |
| Growth | Vigorous; upright shoots; low tendency to produce lateral shoots (suckers); medium budbreak and medium flowering period; site-appropriate canopy and yield management may be necessary because of vigorous growth |
| Site | Relatively low to moderate site requirements; suitable for less favorable viticultural sites; prefers sunny, well-aerated locations with sufficiently fertile, well-drained soils; waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Good winter-frost hardiness |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; a balanced supply of essential nutrients should be maintained |
| Plant Protection | A substantial reduction in fungicide applications is possible compared with conventional, non-fungus-resistant varieties; the actual level of protection required depends on site, weather conditions, disease pressure, and cultivation system |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Muscaris’ ‘Solaris’ x ‘Gelber Muskateller’ Bred in Germany at the State Viticulture Institute in Freiburg in 1987 by Norbert Becker |
| Ripening period | Early to medium; approximately early to mid-September, depending on site, crop load, and weather conditions |
| Grapes | Medium-sized; elongated to conical; relatively loosely clustered. The loose cluster structure can reduce the risk of Botrytis infections |
| Berries | Small to medium-sized, broadly ellipsoid; yellow-green when ripe. The berries may remain comparatively green even at high must weights |
| Flavor | Pronounced Muscat character; wines are typically highly aromatic, fruity and spicy, with floral and citrus-like notes depending on site and winemaking technique. The wines generally have a lively to pronounced acidity |
| Must | High must weights; very high sugar concentrations can be achieved under suitable conditions and with appropriate yield management |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of aromatic white wines; suitable for dry, off-dry and sweet wines. Its pronounced acidity also makes it suitable for sparkling-wine production |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): High to very high resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): High to very high resistance Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): low to moderate susceptibility. These characteristics indicate increased resistance rather than complete immunity Other fungal diseases: No complete resistance to all fungal pathogens |
| Growth | Medium to vigorous; shoots generally upright to bushy. The tendency to produce lateral shoots (laterals) is medium to high according to the official variety description. Site-appropriate canopy and yield management may therefore be required |
| Site | Sunny, well-ventilated sites; deep, well-drained, and sufficiently nutrient-rich soils; avoid waterlogging Due to its early ripening, Muscaris is also suitable for cooler wine-growing regions; a consistent water supply during the growing season is beneficial. Severe drought stress can impair ripening and fruit quality, particularly under high yield conditions |
| Winter Hardiness | Good resistance to winter frost |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate requirements; ensure a balanced supply of nutrients. |
| Plant Protection | Significantly reduced use of fungicides is possible compared to conventional, non-fungus-resistant varieties; actual application depends on location, weather, and disease pressure |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Species | Grapevine (Vitis spp.); interspecific hybrid |
| Variety | ‘Sauvignac’ ‘Sauvignon blanc’ × ‘Riesling’ × unspecified resistance partner; genetic analysis has detected proportions of Vitis vinifera and Vitis amurensis Bred by Valentin Blattner in Soyhières, Canton of Jura, Switzerland; known by the breeding designation VB CAL 6-04; the variety belongs to the newer generation of Swiss PIWI cultivars |
| Ripening period | Early to mid-late; approximately one week before ‘Riesling’ under comparable conditions. The thick-skinned berries can remain on the vine for an extended period, and fully ripe berries develop a characteristic pinkish coloration |
| Grapes | Medium-sized and relatively loose to loosely clustered, with a cluster structure comparable to that of ‘Riesling’. The loose structure improves ventilation within the cluster and contributes to the variety's comparatively good tolerance of Botrytis cinerea |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish, with a relatively thick and firm skin. At full ripeness, the berries develop a characteristic light pink to pinkish coloration |
| Flavor | Aromatic and varietally expressive. Depending on ripeness, vinification method, and yeast strain, wines may show aromas of apricot, ripe apple, citrus and lime, with subtle blackcurrant notes. The wines are characterized by a stable, lively acidity |
| Must | High must weights are possible under suitable conditions. The thick-skinned berries can remain on the vine for an extended period, allowing the production of wines from fresh, early-harvest styles to highly ripe wine style |
| Suitability | Primarily suitable for the production of aromatic white wines. Depending on ripeness and vinification, the variety can produce dry, off-dry, and sweet wines |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): high resistance; Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): high resistance; Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): very good resistance, supported by the thick berry skin and loose cluster structure. The variety is not completely resistant to all fungal pathogens, and infections may occur under unfavorable conditions |
| Growth | Moderate vigor, with a growth habit comparable to ‘Riesling’; good cane/wood maturation. Relatively late budbreak reduces the risk of damage from late spring frosts |
| Site | Adaptable to a range of vineyard sites and soil types. Sunny, well-ventilated, preferably sheltered sites with well-drained soils are advantageous. Waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter hardiness | Good to high winter-frost tolerance |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; a balanced nutrient supply should be maintained |
| Plant Protection | Significantly reduced use of fungicides is possible compared to conventional, non-fungus-resistant varieties; actual application depends on location, weather, and disease pressure |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Species | Grapevine; interspecific hybrid grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Birstaler Muskat’ ‘Seyval Blanc x Bacchus’ BreedingSoyhières, Canton of Jura, Switzerland; bred by Valentin Blattner in 1986. White table grape; belongs to the fungus-resistant (PIWI) varieties |
| Ripening period | early to mid-early; generally from late August to early September, depending on site and weather conditions. The variety can remain on the vine for an extended period after reaching maturity; under overripe conditions, the berries may shrivel |
| Grapes | Medium-sized, elongated to narrow-conical, and loosely clustered. The loose cluster structure is favorable for reducing the risk of bunch rot, although it does not prevent Botrytis cinerea infection under favorable conditions |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish, yellow-green to greenish-yellow; juicy, with a relatively firm berry skin. The berries are seeded and not seedless |
| Flavor | Fruity and sweet, with a delicate to moderately pronounced Muscat aroma and relatively low acidity |
| Must | As a table grape, sensory quality is of greater importance than must yield. The berries are also suitable for juice production |
| Suitability | Primarily a white table grape; also suitable for grape juice production. The variety can be used for winemaking, although this is not its primary use |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): good to very good resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): good to very good resistance Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): comparatively low susceptibility favored by the loose cluster structure; infection may nevertheless occur under favorable conditions Other fungal diseases: not completely resistant to all fungal pathogens; infection may occur depending on weather conditions, location, and infection pressure |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous, with an upright growth habit. Given its yield potential, site-appropriate yield regulation may be advisable to maintain fruit quality and promote uniform ripening |
| Site | Sunny, preferably warm and sheltered sites. Well-aerated, well-drained soils are favorable; waterlogging should be avoided. The variety is considered relatively undemanding with respect to site conditions |
| Winter Hardiness | Good resistance to winter frost |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate requirements; ensure a balanced supply of nutrients; excessive nitrogen should be avoided due to vigorous growth and the potential for promoting vegetative growth. |
| Plant Protection | Significantly reduced use of fungicides is possible compared to conventional, non-fungus-resistant varieties; actual application depends on location, weather, and disease pressure |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 kg N/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Trollinger’; known as ‘Vernatsch’ in South Tyrol and as ‘Schiava’ in Italy The variety is believed to originate from the South Tyrol region and has been documented in Württemberg since the 16th century |
| Ripening period | Late; ‘Trollinger’ requires a long growing season and adequate heat availability for full ripening Compared with early-ripening varieties such as ‘Müller-Thurgau’ or ‘Portugieser’, ripening occurs relatively late |
| Grapes | Large to very large, often shouldered, and loosely clustered The loose cluster structure generally improves air circulation within the cluster and can reduce the risk of bunch rot, particularly under humid conditions |
| Berries | Medium-sized to large, round to slightly oval, red-blue to dark blue; Juicy and aromatic, with a relatively thin to medium-thick berry skin |
| Flavor | The wines are typically light red in color, fruit-driven, light to medium-bodied, and fresh in acidity Typical aromas include cherry, strawberry, and other red-berry notes; a subtle Muscat character may occasionally occur |
| Must | Moderate must sugar concentrations are typical; higher values can be achieved under favorable conditions and with adequate physiological ripeness Because of its late ripening, warm sites are important for achieving sufficient fruit maturity |
| Suitability | Primarily used for the production of light, fruit-driven red wines and rosé wines, including Weißherbst; in Württemberg, ‘Trollinger’ is also frequently blended with ‘Lemberger’ The berries can additionally be used as table grapes because of their favorable sensory characteristics |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): no specific genetic resistance; significant infection may occur under favorable disease conditions Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): susceptible to moderately susceptible; careful monitoring and appropriate crop protection are required under favorable conditions Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): low to moderate susceptibility; the loose cluster structure promotes air circulation and may reduce the development of bunch rot, but does not provide complete protection Other fungal diseases: susceptibility depends on site, weather conditions, and disease pressure. ‘Trollinger’ does not possess broad genetic resistance to fungal pathogens |
| Growth | Vigorous, with a relatively bushy growth habit and a pronounced tendency to produce lateral shoots (stepsons); due to its high yield potential, appropriate shoot and yield management is recommended Budbreak occurs early to intermediate, followed by flowering at approximately the mid-season stage; early budbreak may increase the risk of spring frost damage |
| Site | Warm, sunny, and preferably frost-free sites with a long growing season. Despite relatively modest soil requirements, deep, well-drained soils with adequate water and nutrient availability are favorable The variety has a relatively high water requirement and is less suitable for severely drought-prone sites |
| Winter Hardiness | Low to moderate winter-frost hardiness. The variety is relatively susceptible to winter frost; under unfavorable conditions, insufficient wood maturation may further increase the risk of frost damage |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate, a balanced nutrient supply should be maintained; excessive nitrogen fertilization should be avoided because it can promote excessive vegetative growth |
| Plant Protection | Unlike fungus-resistant (PIWI) varieties, ‘Trollinger’ does not possess genetic resistance that would inherently permit a substantially reduced fungicide program Crop protection should therefore be adapted to site, weather conditions, and disease pressure, with particular attention to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Botrytis bunch rot |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Blauer Portugieser’ The variety is thought to have originated in the region of historic Lower Styria, corresponding to present-day northeastern Slovenia. Earlier sources suggested an origin in the Thermenregion of Lower Austria or an association with grapevine material introduced from Portugal. Genetic analyses have confirmed the parentage ‘Sbulzina’ × ‘Grüner Silvaner’ |
| Ripening period | Early; approximately early to mid-September. ‘Blauer Portugieser’ ripens at approximately the same time as ‘Gutedel’. Due to its susceptibility to bunch rot, it may be harvested before full physiological maturity |
| Grapes | Medium-sized, conical, often with one to three wings; generally densely packed |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish to slightly elongated; dark blue to black-blue; with relatively thin skin |
| Flavor | Fruity and relatively low in acidity. The wines are generally light- to medium-bodied, with relatively low tannin and color intensity Typical aromas include red berries, cherries, and currants |
| Must | High and relatively consistent yield potential Without yield regulation, very high yields may be obtained, which can adversely affect must weight and wine quality |
| Suitability | Primarily used for the production of light, fruit-driven red wines; also suitable for rosé wines and Weißherbst Historically, the variety has also been used as a table grape because of its early ripening and palatable berries |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): susceptible to highly susceptible Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): susceptible to highly susceptible Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola): highly susceptible Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea): relatively susceptible; the susceptibility to bunch rot may necessitate relatively early harvesting under favorable infection conditions |
| Growth | Very vigorous and high-yielding; medium-early budbreak. Due to its high yield potential, appropriate yield regulation is advisable |
| Site | Relatively undemanding with regard to soil and site conditions However, warm, sunny sites are advantageous for adequate ripening. Waterlogged soils should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Low to moderate; the variety is relatively susceptible to winter frost |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate. A balanced nutrient supply is recommended; excessive nitrogen fertilization should be avoided because of the variety's vigorous vegetative growth |
| Plant Protection | Unlike PIWI varieties, ‘Blauer Portugieser’ has no specific genetic resistance to fungal pathogens; therefore, fungicide applications cannot generally be reduced on the basis of varietal resistance. Particular attention should be paid to downy mildew, powdery mildew, Phomopsis and gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grape variety |
| Variety | ‘Blauer Spätburgunder’; internationally known as ‘Pinot Noir’ Burgundy, France. Pinot Noir is an ancient European grape variety; its exact historical origin and date of selection cannot be assigned to a specific breeding event |
| Ripening period | Medium-early to medium-late. Pinot Noir requires suitable thermal conditions and generally ripens in September, depending on site and weather conditions The variety has relatively early budbreak, which increases the risk of damage from late spring frosts |
| Grapes | Small to medium-sized, cylindrical to conical, often compact to very compact and sometimes shouldered. The compact cluster structure can increase susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Looser-bunch clones have been selected to reduce this risk |
| Berries | Small to medium-sized, round to slightly oval, dark blue to blue-black, with a pronounced grey-blue bloom. The berry skin is relatively thin and delicate |
| Flavor | Fruity and aromatic, typically showing notes of cherry, raspberry, strawberry and other red berries Depending on ripeness and winemaking technique, spicy, earthy and sometimes subtly almond-like nuances may also occur The wines generally exhibit lively acidity and fine, structurally integrated tannins |
| Must | Under suitable site conditions, good to high must weights can be achieved Appropriate yield regulation is important to promote adequate berry ripening and maintain wine quality |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of high-quality red wines; also suitable for rosé wines, depending on aging and ripeness Due to its comparatively high acidity and aromatic profile, ‘Blauer Spätburgunder’ is also an important variety for the production of sparkling wines |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): susceptible; no specific genetic resistance Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): susceptible Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): Iincreased susceptibility, particularly in compact-clustered clones. Good canopy and bunch-zone ventilation are therefore important |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous; upright to semi-upright growth Budbreak occurs relatively early to mid-season Due to yield and quality requirements, appropriate foliage management and yield regulation are important. |
| Site | High demands on site and microclimate; warm, sunny, and sheltered sites are preferred Deep, well-drained soils with an adequate supply of water and nutrients are favorable; waterlogging should be avoided. |
| Winter hardiness | Moderate. The variety is not particularly susceptible to winter frost, but may be at risk from late frosts due to its comparatively early budbreak |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; due to its vigorous growth, excessive nitrogen should be avoided in particular |
| Plant Protection | Pest and disease control should be adapted to the location, weather conditions, and infection pressure |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grape variety |
| Variety | ‘Lemberger’ The variety is historically associated with Lower Styria, in present-day northeastern Slovenia. Its precise geographical origin and the circumstances of its natural hybridization cannot be determined with certainty from historical records. The variety has been documented in Austria since the 18th century and was introduced into Germany during the 19th century, where it became known as ‘Lemberger’ or ‘Limberger’ Red wine grape |
| Ripening period | Mid-late to late. The variety has relatively early budbreak but requires a sufficiently warm site and a long growing season to achieve full ripeness |
| Grapes | Medium-sized to large, typically conical and sometimes shouldered; generally loose to moderately compact. Cluster density may vary depending on site conditions and clone |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish to slightly oval, dark blue to black-blue, and with pronounced bloom |
| Flavor | The wines are typically fruit-forward, spicy, and rich in tannins. Aromas of cherry, blackberry, blueberry, and other dark berries are frequently present Depending on ripeness and vinification, peppery, spicy, and mineral notes may also develop; the wines are characterized by lively acidity and a pronounced tannic structure |
| Must | Under favorable site conditions and with appropriate yield management, good to high must weights, improved berry ripeness, color intensity, and phenolic ripeness can be achieved |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of high-quality, full-bodied red wines The variety is also suitable for rosé wines and cuvées |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): moderate to high susceptibility depending on cluster structure and weather conditions; good airflow around the cluster zone has a beneficial effect |
| Growth | Vigorous to very vigorous, with good to high yield potential; early budbreak Due to the vigorous growth, appropriate foliage management and yield regulation are recommended |
| Site | High demands on heat supply and microclimate. Prefers warm, sunny, and, if possible, wind-protected sites Deep, well-drained soils with sufficient water and nutrient supply are favorable; the variety is considered relatively tolerant of lime; waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Moderate to good. The variety is not generally considered highly susceptible to winter frost. However, due to its relatively early budbreak, there is an increased risk from late spüring frosts |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate. A balanced supply of nutrients should be maintained; excessive nitrogen should be avoided, especially during periods of vigorous growth |
| Plant Protection | Plant protection measures tailored to the site, weather conditions, and pest infestations are required; special attention should be paid to downy and powdery mildew, as well as grape botrytis |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grape variety |
| Variety | ‘Weißer Riesling’ The variety is believed to have originated in the German-speaking region of Central Europe; the Upper Rhine Valley is commonly associated with its historical origin White wine grape |
| Ripening period | Late; depending on site and weather conditions, generally from late September through October. The variety requires a relatively long growing season and adequate heat for full ripening |
| Grapes | Small to medium-sized, cylindrical to slightly conical, often shouldered, and typically compact to very compact The compact cluster structure increases the risk of Botrytis cinerea infection, particularly under warm and humid conditions |
| Berries | Small, round to slightly oval, greenish-yellow to yellow-green. With increasing ripeness, characteristic brownish-red to violet-brown speckling may develop on the berry skin The berries have a relatively firm skin |
| Flavor | Distinctive, variety-typical aromas with notes of peach, apricot, apple, and citrus fruits. The wines are characterized by pronounced, lively acidity and high aromatic precision With greater ripeness and longer aging, complex mineral, spicy, and tertiary aromas may develop |
| Must | Under suitable site and yield conditions, high must weights can be achieved Acidity generally remains comparatively high even at advanced ripeness, contributing to the freshness, balance, and aging potential of the wines |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of high-quality white wines, particularly dry, off-dry, and noble sweet styles. Due to its pronounced acidity and aromatic profile, ‘Weißer Riesling’ is also suitable for the production of sparkling wines Under suitable climatic conditions, high-quality Prädikat wines can be produced |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): moderate to high susceptibility depending on cluster structure and weather conditions; good airflow around the clusters has a beneficial effect |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous; late budbreak, which reduces the risk of late frosts. Good wood maturity Due to the comparatively high quality requirements, appropriate yield and foliage management is advisable |
| Site | High requirements in terms of heat availability and microclimate, but comparatively low requirements regarding soil type Sunny, heat-retaining sites are particularly favorable, such as steep slopes in river valleys Deep, well-drained soils with an adequate water supply are advantageous; waterlogging should be avoided |
| Winter Hardiness | Good. The variety is considered relatively hardy against winter frost. Its late budbreak also reduces the risk of damage from spring late frosts |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate requirements; a balanced supply of nutrients is recommended; excessive nitrogen should be avoided, especially during periods of vigorous growth |
| Plant Protection | Plant protection tailored to the site, weather conditions, and pest infestations is required; special attention should be paid to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Botrytis |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Müller Thurgau’ The variety was bred by Hermann Müller, originally from the Swiss canton of Thurgau, in 1882 at the Geisenheim Research Station in Germany. White wine grape |
| Ripening period | Early to early-mid season; under suitable conditions, ripening generally occurs from early to mid-September Its early ripening allows cultivation in regions with comparatively short growing seasons |
| Grapes | Medium-sized to large, usually cylindrical to conical and frequently shouldered; loose to moderately dense The relatively open cluster structure may promote good air circulation within the cluster zone |
| Berries | Medium-sized, roundish to slightly oval, yellow-green to greenish-yellow; the berries are juicy and have a relatively thin to medium-thick skin |
| Flavor | Characteristically aromatic, with a distinct muscat note often accompanied by floral and fruity aromas The wines are generally light to medium-bodied and characterized by low to moderate acidity. |
| Must | High must weights can be achieved under suitable site and yield conditions Appropriate yield management helps improve must weight, aromatic intensity, and wine quality |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of aromatic white wines, particularly light, fruit-forward, and delicately spicy styles Depending on the degree of ripeness and aging, dry, off-dry, and in some cases sweet wines are possible Due to its comparatively low acidity, the variety is less suitable for highly acid-driven or exceptionally long-lived wine styles |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): high susceptibility Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): high susceptibility Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): susceptible, with risk increasing under dense canopies, high humidity, and unfavorable cluster-zone conditions Phomopsis (Diaporthe ampelina): susceptible. The variety has no specific genetic resistance to these fungal pathogens |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous; upright to semi-upright growth habit. Medium to early budbreak Appropriate yield and canopy management is recommended to ensure grape quality |
| Site | Relatively low to moderate site requirements Sunny, well-ventilated sites with adequate water supply are suitable; deep, nutrient-rich, and well-drained soils are favorable; waterlogging should be avoided Due to its early ripening, the variety is also suitable for wine-growing regions with less favorable temperatures |
| Winter Hardiness | Low to moderate. The variety can be susceptible to winter frost, partly because of relatively poor wood maturation Its relatively early budbreak also increases the risk of late-frost damage |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate requirements; a balanced nutrient supply should be maintained; excessive nitrogen should be avoided, especially during periods of vigorous growth |
| Plant Protection | Plant protection measures tailored to location, weather conditions, and pest infestations are required; special attention should be paid to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Botrytis Compared to PIWI varieties, there is no genetically determined potential for a significant reduction in fungicide use |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Grauburgunder’ The variety is historically associated with Burgundy. It has been documented since the late Middle Ages and was introduced to Hungary in 1375. In 1568, it was introduced to Alsace and the Kaiserstuhl region by Lazarus von Schwendi White wine grape |
| Ripening period | Mid-late to late. Under favorable site and weather conditions, the variety can achieve high levels of ripeness |
| Grapes | Medium-sized, cylindrical to shouldered, and frequently very compact The high berry density can restrict airflow within the cluster and thereby increase the risk of Botrytis cinerea and other forms of bunch rot. |
| Berries | Rounded to elongated and sometimes slightly flattened; depending on the degree of ripeness, gray-red, gray- to blue-red, or reddish-gray; the berries have relatively thin skins |
| Flavor | Juicy and spicy. The wines can exhibit a full-bodied, rich, and extract-rich profile Depending on the degree of ripeness and aging, fruity, spicy, nutty, and sometimes mineral notes are possible; highly ripe grapes often produce full-bodied wines |
| Must | ‘Grauburgunder’ has good ripening potential and can achieve high must weights under favorable site conditions Appropriate yield management can help improve must weight, extract content, and wine quality; the must acidity is often lower than that of Riesling |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of dry, full-bodied, and extract-rich white wines Depending on the degree of ripeness and aging, the variety is also suitable for light, fresh wine styles as well as for high-quality Spätlese and Auslese wines Sweet wines are also possible |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): moderate to high susceptibility depending on cluster structure and weather conditions; good airflow around the clusters has a beneficial effect |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous, predominantly upright growth Appropriate yield and foliage management is recommended to ensure grape quality |
| Site | High demands on location and soil; warm, sunny, and well-ventilated sites are preferred Deep soils with adequate water and nutrient supply are favorable Soils that are too light and dry can be problematic, especially under drought stress |
| Winter Hardiness | Moderate to good; Pinot Gris is not considered particularly sensitive to winter frost; due to its comparatively early budbreak, there is an increased risk of damage from late frosts |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate; a balanced supply of nutrients should be maintained; excessive nitrogen should be avoided, especially during periods of vigorous growth |
| Plant Protection | Plant protection tailored to site conditions, weather, and pest infestations is required; special attention should be paid to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Botrytis Compared to PIWI varieties, there is no genetically determined potential for a significant reduction in fungicide use |
| Example of Crop Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
| Type | Grapevine |
| Variety | ‘Weißburgunder’, internationally known as ‘Pinot Blanc’ The variety is historically associated with the Burgundy region, although its precise geographical origin and date of emergence cannot be established with certainty from historical records White wine grape |
| Ripening period | Mid-late to late; depending on site and weather conditions, ripening generally occurs from September to early October Warm, sunny sites are favorable for achieving adequate physiological ripeness |
| Grapes | Medium-sized, cylindrical to conical, often shouldered, and usually compact with tightly packed berries The dense cluster structure can impair airflow within the cluster and increase the risk of Botrytis and other forms of bunch rot, particularly under humid conditions |
| Berries | Small to medium-sized, roundish to slightly oval, greenish-yellow to yellow-green The berries have a relatively thin to medium-thick skin and are juicy |
| Flavor | The wines generally have a relatively delicate and subtle aromatic profile, with notes of apple, pear, citrus, and occasionally floral, nutty, or mineral nuances The variety typically produces wines with moderate, well-integrated acidity, generally somewhat lower than that of Riesling Depending on ripeness and vinification, the wines may range from fresh and light-bodied to fuller-bodied, more structured styles |
| Must | Under suitable site and yield conditions, good to high must weights can be achieved Appropriate yield management can help improve must weight, extract content, aromatic intensity, and wine quality |
| Suitability | Primarily for the production of high-quality, dry, and structured white wines Depending on the degree of ripeness and aging, ‘Weißburgunder’ is also suitable for fresh, light-bodied wines as well as for fuller-bodied wines Due to its balanced acidity and relatively neutral to subtly fruity aroma profile, the variety is also suitable for the production of sparkling wines Under suitable climatic conditions, high-quality Prädikat wines can also be produced |
| Susceptibility | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): no specific genetic resistance to the fungus; infection possible under favorable conditions Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea): moderate to high susceptibility, particularly due to the frequently compact cluster structure. Good airflow in the fruit zone and appropriate canopy management can reduce the risk of bunch rot |
| Growth | Moderate to vigorous, predominantly upright to semi-upright growth Budbreak occurs at a medium to medium-early stage Appropriate yield regulation and canopy management are advisable to maintain cluster quality and achieve adequate ripeness |
| Site | Moderate to high demands in terms of site and microclimate. Warm, sunny, and well-ventilated sites are preferred Deep, well-drained soils with adequate water and nutrient availability are favorable Waterlogged soils should be avoided. Very light and drought-prone soils may be problematic under prolonged water stress |
| Winter Hardiness | Moderate to good; The variety is generally considered relatively tolerant of winter frost However, its medium to medium-early budbreak may result in a moderate risk of late-frost damage depending on site and local climatic conditions |
| Nutrient Requirements | Moderate requirements; a balanced nutrient supply should be maintained; excessive nitrogen should be avoided, especially during periods of vigorous growth |
| Plant Protection | Plant protection should be adapted to site conditions, weather patterns, and disease pressure. Particular attention should be paid to downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Botrytis cinerea Due to the lack of genetically determined fungal resistance, the variety does not offer the reduced fungicide requirements characteristic of PIWI varieties |
| Example of Cultivation Management (2022) | May 27, 2022: Entec (15/5/20) 100 N kg/ha, 33 kg P/ha, 132 kg K/ha June 3, 2022: Delan WG (downy mildew) 0.6 kg/ha, wettable sulfur (powdery mildew) 3.6 kg/ha |
