Agronomic educational garden: Educational Garden Agricultural Sciences

Agronomic educational garden

The horticultural teaching garden provides anyone interested with a partial insight into the diversity of agricultural crop species, forms and varieties. Primarily, it serves for self-study and, through occasional visits, enables the comparative observation and assessment of growth and development states, morphological characteristics and growth and development states.

Carbohydrate-rich grains Winter and summer types

Wheat and barley were already cultivated in Mesopotamia 10,000 years ago. From there they began a triumphal march across all temperate climate zones of the earth. Oats and rye are secondary crops. They were initially "weeds" in the cereals and were only cultivated and selected by chance. Today, cereals play a very important role in human nutrition worldwide. They are a raw material for baked goods and pasta, an important source for animal feed and - last but not least - they provide the raw material for beer production.

Winter types and varieties

Winter feed barley2-row Bordeaux

Winter feed barley (Hordeum vulgare var. distichon)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of barley:

Leaf ears: long, completely enclosing the stem, without cilia

Leaf ligule (Ligula): narrow (1-2 mm), slightly toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned (to 15 cm long), Shapes: two-rowed, multi-rowed, hanging when ripe

Grain: yellow, pointed oval, glumes fused with grain, no whiskers

Variety: Bordaux

Tutorial Barley

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter feed barley 2-row	Bordeaux	320	49,0	99	158,4	Sowing: 23.09.2024 Germination: 01.10.2024		stained with Rubin Plus 21.10.2024 4,0 l/ha Malibu

Winter feed barley 6-row SU Midnight

Winter feed barley (Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of barley:

Leaf ears: long, completely enclosing the stem, without cilia

Leaf ligule (Ligula): narrow (1-2 mm), slightly toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned (to 15 cm long), Shapes: two-rowed, multi-rowed, hanging when ripe

Grain: yellow, pointed oval, glumes fused with grain, no whiskers

Variety: SU Midnight

Tutorial Barley

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter feed barley 6-row	SU Midnight	285	50,6	97	148,7	Sowing: 23.09.2024 Germination: 01.10.2024		stained with Vibrance Trio 21.10.2024 4,0 l/ha Malibu

Winter malting barley 2-row Sonja

Winter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare var. distichon)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of barley:

Leaf ears: long, completely enclosing the stem, without cilia

Leaf ligule (Ligula): narrow (1-2 mm), slightly toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned (to 15 cm long), Shapes: two-rowed, multi-rowed, hanging when ripe

Grain: yellow, pointed oval, glumes fused with grain, no whiskers

Variety: Sonja

Tutorial Barley

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter malting barley 2-row	Sonja	320	40,4	95	136,2	Sowing: 23.09.2024 Germination: 01.10.2024		stained 21.10.2024 4,0 l/ha Malibu

Winter malting barley 6-row KWS Faro

Winter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of barley:

Leaf ears: long, completely enclosing the stem, without cilia

Leaf ligule (Ligula): narrow (1-2 mm), slightly toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned (to 15 cm long), Shapes: two-rowed, multi-rowed, hanging when ripe

Grain: yellow, pointed oval, glumes fused with grain, no whiskers

Variety: KWS Faro

Tutorial barley

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter malting barley 6-row	KWS Faro	290	33,9	97	101,4	Sowing: 23.09.2024 Germination: 01.10.2024		not stained 21.10.2024 4,0 l/ha Malibu

Winter oat KWS Snowbird

Winter oat (Avena sativa)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of oat:

Leaf ears: none

Leaf ligule (Ligula): narrow-medium, fringed, toothed

Infructescence: Panicle

Grain: yellow hulled, white hulled or blackhulled, elongated, whiskers on dehusked grain

Variety: KWS Snowbird

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter oat	KWS Snowbird	335	35,9	91	132,2	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Winter wheat SU Hymalaya

Winter hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Familie: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of wheat:

Leaf auricle: short, not enclosing the stem, ciliated

Ligule: medium size, toothed

Infructescence: Spike not awned and round, exception: awned wheat varieties

Grain: brown-yellow to reddish, oval, medium-length whiskers

Variety: SU Hymalaya

Quality grade: A

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter wheat (Hybrid) (A)	SU Hymalaya	180	46,0	96	86,3	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		stained with Vibrance Trio

Winter wheat Chevignon

Winter malting wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Familie: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of wheat:

Leaf auricle: short, not enclosing the stem, ciliated

Ligule: medium size, toothed

Infructescence: Spike not awned and round, exception: awned wheat varieties

Grain: brown-yellow to reddish, oval, medium-length whiskers

Variety: Chevignon

Quality grade: B

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter wheat (B)	Chevignon	320	44,0	93	151,4	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Winter wheat Exsal

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of wheat:

Leaf ears: short, not enclosing the stem, ciliate

Leaf ligule (Ligula): medium size, serrated

Infructescence: Spike not awned and round, exception: awnded wheat variety

Grain: brown-yellow to reddish, oval, medium-length whiskers

Variety: Exsal

Quality grade: E

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter wheat (E) (awned)	Exsal	350	47,0	89	184,8	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		stained

Winter triticale Bicross

Winter triticale (Triticosecale)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of triticale:

Leaf auricle: short to medium long, unciliated

Ligule: narrow to medium in size, slightly toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned

Grain: pointed oval

Variety: Bicross

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter triticale	Bicross	300	43	97	133	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		stained with Landor CT

Winter rye Dukato (Population)

Winter rye (Secale cereale)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of Rye:

Leaf auricle: short, not enclosing the stem, not ciliated.

Ligule: narrow, hardly visible

Inflorescence: spike with a border, pendulous

Grain: bluish-green, narrow elongated

Variety: Dukato (Population)

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter rye (Population)	Dukato	260	43,9	94	121,4	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		stained with Vibrance Trio

Winter wheat KWS Keitum

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of wheat:

Leaf auricle: short, not enclosing the stem, ciliate

Ligule: medium size, serrated

Infructescence: Spike awned and round

Grain: brown-yellow to reddish, oval, medium-length whiskers

Variety: KWS Keitum

Quality grade: C

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter wheat (C) (brewing suitability)	KWS Keitum	320	57,8	93	198,9	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		stained

Winter durum wheat Wintersonne

Winter durum (Triticum durum)

Familiy: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics Durum wheat:

Leaf auricle: short, not enclosing the stem, ciliated

Ligule: medium sized, toothed

Infructescence: spike with margins, awns up to 20 cm

Grain: glassy, elongated pointed

Variety: Wintersonne

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter durum	Wintersonne	390	44,9	95	184,3	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Emmer Roter Heidfelder (en)

Emmer (Triticum dioccum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of Emmer:

Leaf auricle: large, ciliated

Ligule: medium sized, blunt toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned, drooping

Grain: 2 grains in a glume (vese), brown-yellow, elongated oval, whiskers

Variety: Roter Heidfelder

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Emmer	Roter Heidfelder	320		95		Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Einkorn Monomax (en)

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of Einkorn:

Leaf auricle: short, ciliated

Ligule: medium sized, blunt toothed

Infructescence: Spike awned, upright

Grain: 1 grain in a glume (vese), brown-yellow, elongated oval

Variety: Monomax

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Einkorn	Monomax	280	24,8	94	73,9	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Spelt Späths Albrubin

Spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Morphological characteristics of spelt:

Leaf auricles: medium in size (not enclosing culm), partly ciliated

Ligule: short, toothed

Inflorescence: spike without awns, hanging

Grain: 2-3 grains in an enveloping glume (vese), reddish-brown

Variety: Späths Albrubin

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Spelt	Späths Albrubin	295	45,3	92	145,3	Sowing: 29.10.2024 Germination:		not stained

Protein-rich grains

Our native legumes are essentially grown for animal feed as protein feed. For the people of the world, they are an important source of vegetable protein and amino acids and are becoming increasingly important. Legumes have the special feature that their roots form a symbiosis with soil bacteria (rhizobia). These are able to fix nitrogen from the air and make it available to the legumes for the formation of protein or subsequent crops as a plant nutrient. Their ability to fix nitrogen means that mineral nitrogen fertilisers can be saved. For organic farming, legumes are therefore an indispensable component in crop rotation.

Oil rich grains - Winter and summer types

Rapeseed, sunflower, flax, camelina and safflower are available for the production of vegetable oils. Rapeseed plays a major role as a domestic oil plant. The press residues from oil production are used as animal feed. The oils are used in the food industry as well as in industrial processing for the production of e.g. paints or environmentally friendly fuels and lubricants. Oil plants are also an aesthetic enrichment for our cultural landscape due to the diversity of flowers.

Winter types and varieties

Winter rape Triple

Winter rape (Brassica napus)

Family: Cruciferous (Brassicaceae)

Variety: Triple (Hybrid)

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter rape (Hybrid)	Triple	55	6,8	93	4,0	Sowing: 29.08.2024 Cambridge roller: 29.08.2024 Germination: 17.09.2024		Stained 01.10.2024 0,25 l/ha Belkar + 0,25 l/ha Synero 21.10.2024 0,25 l/ ha Belkar + 1,0 l/ha Fusilade Max

Winter rape RGT Humboldt

Winter rape (Brassica napus)

Family: Cruciferous (Brassicaceae)

Variety: RGT Humboldt

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter rape (Hybrid)	RGT Humboldt	55	4,4	90	2,7	Sowing: 29.08.2024 Cambridge roller: 29.08.2024 Germination: 17.09.2024		stained 01.10.2024 0,25 l/ha Belkar + 0,25 l/ha Synero 21.10.2024 0,25 l/ ha Belkar + 1,0 l/ha Fusilade Max

Winter rape KWS Ambos

Winter rape (Brassica napus)

Family: Cruciferous (Brassicaceae)

Variety: KWS Ambos (Hybrid)

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter rape (Hybrid)	KWS Ambos	55	6,4	97	3,6	Sowing: 29.08.2024 Cambridge roller: 29.08.2024 Germination: 17.09.2024		stained 01.10.2024 0,25 l/ha Belkar + 0,25 l/ha Synero 21.10.2024 0,25 l/ ha Belkar + 1,0 l/ha Fusilade Max

Winter rape Sherlock

Winter rape (Brassica napus)

Family: Cruciferous (Brassicaceae)

Variety: Sherlock (Linie)

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winterraps (Linie)	Sherlock	65	4,8	94	3,3	Sowing: 29.08.2024 Cambridge roller: 29.08.2024 Germination: 17.09.2024		not stained 01.10.2024 0,25 l/ha Belkar + 0,25 l/ha Synero 21.10.2024 0,25 l/ ha Belkar + 1,0 l/ha Fusilade Max

Winter rape Randy

Winter rape (Brassica napus)

Family: Cruciferous (Brassicaceae)

Variety: Randy (Linie)

Type	Variety	Grains/m²	TKG	KF %	Seed rate kg/ha	Measures	Fertilisation	Plant protection
Winter rape (Linie)	Randy	70	4,8	91	3,7	Sowing: 29.08.2024 Cambridge roller: 29.08.2024 Germination: 17.09.2024		stained 01.10.2024 0,25l/ha Belkar + 0,25l/ha Synero

Root- and tuber crops

The crop of root and tuber fruits is under the soil. This makes harvesting the crops very laborious. The potato, still a staple food, originated in South America and came to Europe in the 16th century. Through selection of the Silesian white beet, the sugar beet was developed in the middle of the 18th century and is of great importance as a supplier of sugar. Today, the fodder beet is less important as cattle feed. So-called energy beet is grown as biomass in biogas plants for energy production.

Forage crops

The forage crops include mainly grasses and a variety of legumes as well as some cruciferous plants. Forage crops allow the temporary establishment of a grassland-like population. They thus increase soil fertility and at the same time provide roughage for ruminants. By combining several species and varieties, growth factors such as light, water, nutrients and the footprint are optimally used. At the same time, the field food stocks offer an attractive picture and are often very valuable for insects due to their biodiversity.

Plants of grassland

Grassland is a type of land use that is grazed or cut and whose vegetation consists predominantly of perennial plants, mainly grasses. Grassland forms the feed basis for ruminants and other rough feedingstuffs. As a result, the use and management of grassland has traditionally been closely linked to animal feed quality requirements. In recent decades, dairy farming has increasingly used energy-rich fodder (concentrated feed, silage maize) from arable land, because even with intensive grassland management, the needs of high-performance animals can no longer be met solely by grassland forage.

New recycling alternatives with different quality requirements have developed as a result of the energetic utilization of grassland extensions in biogas plants and as a raw material for bio-based products. Grassland has other important ecosystem functions beyond the production of biomass, such as the conservation of biodiversity, water and soil protection and also the recreational function. Since these are usually more pronounced with extensive management, trade-offs to agricultural requirements can arise.

Grasses

With about 12,000 species, the sweet grasses are a large and varied plant family. 15 species are cultivated in Germany as fodder grasses and have economic significance, 12 of which can be seen here. Grasses are the most important species group in grassland and should account for about 60-80% in a balanced grassland population. Due to their pronounced vegetative propagation due to the formation of lateral shoots, they form a dense turf and are the basis for the yield and quality of the edible biomass. As the growth ages, the fiber content increases and the protein content decreases, so the fodder quality decreases.

Other grassland plants

In addition to the grasses, legumes and other herbs are always found in the grassland. They are the basis for biodiversity and shape the aspect of the stands.This diversity cannot shown in the Educational garden of Agriculture Sciences, visit the Hohenheim Gardens and the great outdoors.

Types and varieties

Italien ryegrass

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum syn. Lolium italicum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Dorike

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Italian ryegrass	Dorike	30-40	16.03.2022	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Tall fescue

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Lipalma

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Tall fescue	Lipalma	17	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Cocksfoot grass

Cocksfoot gras (Dactylis glomerata)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Revolin

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Cocksfoot grass	Revolin	20 - 25	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Redtop

Redtop (Agrostis gigantea)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Redtop		10	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Yellow foxtail grass

Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Alopex

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Yellow foxtail grass	Alopex	25	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Golden oat grass

Golden oat grass (Trisetum flavescens)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Arone

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Golden oat grass	Arone	10 - 20	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Perennial ryegrass

Perennial ryegras (Lolium perenne)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Trivos

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Perennial ryegrass	Trivos	40	16.03.2022	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Meadow fescue

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Liherold

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Meadow fescue	Liherold	35 - 40	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Red fescue

Red fescue (Festuca rubra)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Vaiety: Rafael

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Red fescue	Rafael	25 - 40	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Kentucky blue grass

Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Limagie

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Kentucky blue grass	Limagie	15 - 20	28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Timothy

Timothy (Phleum pratense)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Lischka

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Timothy	Lischka		28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Tall oatgrass

Tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Variety: Trisett 51

Type	Variety	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
Tall oatgrass	Trisett 51		28.02.2019	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harvest first cut:

Demonstration Experiment Grassland intensity

Herb-rich grass mixture Fertilisation 1

Herb-rich grass mixture extensive use

2 cuts, 0 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
	30	09.04.2021	no fertilisation	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest first cut:

Flowers 30%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,0
Wild beaked parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,5
Rambling Bellflower (Campanula patula)	Campanula (Campanulaceae)	0,1
Caraway (Carum carvi)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	2,5
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)	Composite(Asteraceae)	2,0
Brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,0
Raugh hawksbeard (Crepis biennis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,7
Wild carrot (Daucus carota)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	1,8
White bedstraw (Galium album)	Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)	2,0
Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Field scabiosa (Knautia arvensis)	Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)	1,0
Raugh hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Common daisy (Leucanthemum ircutianum/vulgare)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,5
Birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)	Legume (Fabaceae)	1,2
Cuckoo flower (Lychnis flos-cuculi)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Musk mallow (Malva moschata)	Mallow (Malvaceae)	0,5
Red poppy (Papaver rhoeas)	Poppy (Papaveraceae)	1,0
Great burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella major)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Buckhorn (Plantago lanceolata)	Plantain (Plantaginaceae)	2,5
Common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,3
Common sorrel (Rumex acetosa)	Knotweed (Polygonaceae)	0,8
Meadow clary (Salvia pratensis)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,0
Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)	Rose (Rosaceae)	0,4
Autumn hawkbit (Scorzoneroides autumnalis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Red campion (Silene dioica)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Meadow salsify (Tragopogon pratensis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,2
Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	1,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaceae)	0,6

Grasses 70%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common bent grass (Agrostis capillaris)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0
Buffalo grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Barley brome (Bromus hordeaceus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Crested dogtail grass (Cynosurus cristatus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	8,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Downy oatgrass (Helictotrichon pubescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Narrow-leaved meadow grass (Poa angustifolia)	True grasses (Poaceae)	13,0
Golden oatgrass (Trisetum flavescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0

Herb-rich grass mixture Fertilisation 2

Herb-rich grass mixture extensive use

2 cuts, 30 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
	30	09.04.2021	KAS (27%) 30 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest first cut:

Flowers 30%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,0
Wild beaked parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,5
Rambling Bellflower (Campanula patula)	Campanula (Campanulaceae)	0,1
Caraway (Carum carvi)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	2,5
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)	Composite(Asteraceae)	2,0
Brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,0
Raugh hawksbeard (Crepis biennis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,7
Wild carrot (Daucus carota)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	1,8
White bedstraw (Galium album)	Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)	2,0
Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Field scabiosa (Knautia arvensis)	Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)	1,0
Raugh hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Common daisy (Leucanthemum ircutianum/vulgare)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,5
Birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)	Legume (Fabaceae)	1,2
Cuckoo flower (Lychnis flos-cuculi)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Musk mallow (Malva moschata)	Mallow (Malvaceae)	0,5
Red poppy (Papaver rhoeas)	Poppy (Papaveraceae)	1,0
Great burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella major)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Buckhorn (Plantago lanceolata)	Plantain (Plantaginaceae)	2,5
Common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,3
Common sorrel (Rumex acetosa)	Knotweed (Polygonaceae)	0,8
Meadow clary (Salvia pratensis)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,0
Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)	Rose (Rosaceae)	0,4
Autumn hawkbit (Scorzoneroides autumnalis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Red campion (Silene dioica)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Meadow salsify (Tragopogon pratensis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,2
Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	1,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaceae)	0,6

Grasses 70%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common bent grass (Agrostis capillaris)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0
Buffalo grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Barley brome (Bromus hordeaceus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Crested dogtail grass (Cynosurus cristatus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	8,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Downy oatgrass (Helictotrichon pubescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Narrow-leaved meadow grass (Poa angustifolia)	True grasses (Poaceae)	13,0
Golden oatgrass (Trisetum flavescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0

Herb-rich grass mixture Fertilisation 3

Herb-rich grass mixture extensive use

2 cuts, 60 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
	30	09.04.2021	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest first cut:

Flowers 30%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,0
Wild beaked parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,5
Rambling Bellflower (Campanula patula)	Campanula (Campanulaceae)	0,1
Caraway (Carum carvi)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	2,5
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)	Composite(Asteraceae)	2,0
Brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,0
Raugh hawksbeard (Crepis biennis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,7
Wild carrot (Daucus carota)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	1,8
White bedstraw (Galium album)	Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)	2,0
Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Field scabiosa (Knautia arvensis)	Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)	1,0
Raugh hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Common daisy (Leucanthemum ircutianum/vulgare)	Composite (Asteraceae)	2,5
Birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)	Legume (Fabaceae)	1,2
Cuckoo flower (Lychnis flos-cuculi)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Musk mallow (Malva moschata)	Mallow (Malvaceae)	0,5
Red poppy (Papaver rhoeas)	Poppy (Papaveraceae)	1,0
Great burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella major)	Umbellifer (Apiaceae)	0,4
Buckhorn (Plantago lanceolata)	Plantain (Plantaginaceae)	2,5
Common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,3
Common sorrel (Rumex acetosa)	Knotweed (Polygonaceae)	0,8
Meadow clary (Salvia pratensis)	Mint (Lamiaceae)	1,0
Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)	Rose (Rosaceae)	0,4
Autumn hawkbit (Scorzoneroides autumnalis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	0,3
Red campion (Silene dioica)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	0,5
Meadow salsify (Tragopogon pratensis)	Composite (Asteraceae)	1,2
Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris)	Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	1,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaceae)	0,6

Grasses 70%

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Common bent grass (Agrostis capillaris)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0
Buffalo grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Barley brome (Bromus hordeaceus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	4,0
Crested dogtail grass (Cynosurus cristatus)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	8,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Downy oatgrass (Helictotrichon pubescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	2,0
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	5,0
Narrow-leaved meadow grass (Poa angustifolia)	True grasses (Poaceae)	13,0
Golden oatgrass (Trisetum flavescens)	True grasses (Poaceae)	3,0

Intensive grass mixture Fertilisation 1

Grass mixture intensive use

4 cuts, 0 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
GSWU - Cutting and grazing use	30	09.04.2021	no fertilisation	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest first cut:

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Perennial ryegras (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	28,0
Timothy (Phleum pratense)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	14,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	11,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
White clover (Trifolium repens)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	9,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	3,0

Intensive grass mixture Fertilisation 2

Grass mixture intensive use

4 cuts, 30 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
GSWU - Cutting and grazing use	30	09.04.2021	KAS (27%) 30 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest first cut:

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Perennial ryegras (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	28,0
Timothy (Phleum pratense)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	14,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	11,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
White clover (Trifolium repens)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	9,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	3,0

Intensive grass mixture Fertilisation 3

Grass mixture intensive use

4 cuts, 60 kg N/ha - Fertilisation

Type	Seed rate kg/ha	Sowing	Fertilisation	Measures
GSWU - Cutting and grazing use	30	09.04.2021	KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Cambridge roller: 09.04.2021 Harvest 1. cut:

Types in the mixture	Family	Proportion in the mix %
Perennial ryegras (Lolium perenne)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	28,0
Timothy (Phleum pratense)	True grasses (Poaceae)	17,0
Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	14,0
Yellow foxtail grass (Alopecurus pratensis)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)	True grasses (Poaceae)	11,0
Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata)	True grasses (Poaceae)	6,0
White clover (Trifolium repens)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	9,0
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)	Legume (Fabaaceae)	3,0

Renewable raw materials and energy crops

Bioeconomy is the guiding theme of the University of Hohenheim. It is the vision of a sustainable economy in which renewable, biological instead of fossil raw materials are used to secure the supply of food, various products and energy for the population. The preservation of biodiversity is an important goal.

Short rotation crops

Willows and poplars are among the fast-growing tree species that may be grown on arable land. They have their strongest biomass growth in the first years after planting or harvesting and can therefore be harvested in "short rotation", i.e. repeatedly every 3-6 years. During harvesting, the entire tree is cut off about 15 cm above the ground and the trunks and branches are either laid down to dry or directly processed into chaff. The harvested biomass contains about 45% cellulose and 15% lignin. This makes it particularly suitable for paper production or for heat generation through combustion.

Willow

Willow (Salix)

Family: Willow family (Salicaceae)

Type	Plants / m²	Plantation	Fertilisation	Measures
Willow	16 (Double row 40cm) Plant rows spacing 120 cm	26.02.2019	23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 15.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Interrow Cultivator: 17.03.2020 Interrow Cultivator: 14.04.2020 14.02.2024 1. harvest

Poplar

Poplar (Populus)

Family: Willow family (Salicaceae)

Type	Plants / m²	Plantation	Fertilisation	Measures
Poplar	16 (Double row40cm) Plant rows spacing 120 cm	26.02.2019	23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 14.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Interrow Cultivator: 17.03.2020 14.02.2024 1. harvest

Perennial biomass grasses

After planting, perennial grasses can be harvested annually for up to 10 years, such as switchgrass, or 20 years, such as miscanthus. Both miscanthus and switchgrass belong to the heat-loving grasses and are characterised by a very high biomass yield. The biomass contains about 40% cellulose and 20% lignin. In China, where miscanthus occurs naturally, it is processed into paper or building materials. In Germany, miscanthus is currently used mainly as a fuel for heat generation. In the future, however, it will also be used in other ways, for example as a biogas substrate and animal bedding or for the production of ethanol, composite materials and lightweight concrete.

Miscanthus

Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus)

Family: True Grasses (Poaceae)

Type	Plants / m²	Plantation	Fertilisation	Measures
Miscanthus	2	April 2019	24.03.2020 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) 23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 14.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Interrow Cultivator: 14.04.2020

Switchgrass

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

Family: True grasses (Poaceae)

Type	Plants / m²	Plantation	Fertilisation	Measures
Switchgrass	10	20.03.2019	24.03.2020 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) 23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 14.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Interrow Cultivator: 07.04.2020

The flower-rich, Cup plant is native to North America and was already studied in Russia in the mid-20th century as a fodder plant for ruminants, but was found to be useless because it did not taste good to the animals. In the last two decades, however, it has been found that the taste does not matter to biogas plants and Cup plant is therefore well suited as a biogas substrate. Cup plant provides high annual biomass yields from the second year of establishment and provides plenty of food for pollinating insects during flowering. Cup plant has also been recognised as a greening measure since 2018. This means that farms that cultivate Cup plant are "rewarded" with about 60 € per hectare and year.

Cup plant

Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum)

Family: Composite (Asteraceae)

Type	Plants / m²	Plantation	Fertilisation	Measures
Cup plant	4	April 2019	24.03.2020 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) 23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 14.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Interrow Cultivator: 24.03.2020

Perennial biomass plant mixtures

Biogas wild plant mixtures (WPM) contain annual, biennial and perennial flowering and predominantly wild plant species that are suitable for use as biogas substrates but have not yet been used as such. The WPM can significantly reduce tillage intensity over five to seven years. No pesticides are applied, with the possible exception of herbicides in the year of sowing. Even with lower annual biogas yields of WPM compared to maize, WPM can thus break up maize-emphasised crop rotations and enhance them from many social and ecological aspects (food for pollinator insects, habitat for small game, groundwater protection, landscape).

Wild and cultivated plant mix

Biogas BG 90 - perennial

Seed mix for biogas production

Sowing: April 2019

Seed rate: 10 kg/ha (Seeding aid in the mixture 30%)

Types in the mixture	Proportion in the mix %	Fertilisation	Measures
Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis) Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)	7,5	23.03.2021 60 kg N/ha (KAS 27%) KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 14.03.2022 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 23.03.2023 KAS (27%) 60 kg N/ha: 21.03.2024	Harrow: 06.04.2020
Yellow chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria) Family: Composite (Asteraceae)	1,5
Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Family: Composite (Asteraceae)	0,5
Black knapweed (Centaurea nigra) Family: Composite (Asteraceae)	7,0
Blue sailors (Cichorium intybus) Family: Composite (Asteraceae)	1,5
Eastern carrot (Daucus carota) Family: Umbellifer (Apiceae)	0,5
Wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) Family: Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)	0,5
Blueweed (Echium vulgare) Family: Heliotrope (Boraginaceae)
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Family: Umbellifer (Apiceae)	3,5
Mauritania mallow (Malva sylvestris var. mauritania) Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)	3,5
Common mallow (Malva sylvestris) Family: Mallow (Malvaceae)	6,0
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Family: Legume (Fabaceae)	2,0
Bokhara clover (Melilotus albus) Family: Legume (Fabaceae)	5,0
Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) Family: Legume (Fabaceae)	5,0
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Family: Legume (Fabaceae)	8,0
Yellow weed (Reseda luteola) Family: Migonette (Resadaceae)	0,3
White campion (Silene latifolia alba) Family: Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	1,0
Red campion (Silene dioica) Family: Pinks (Caryophyllaceae)	1,0
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Family: Composite (Asteraceae)	5,0
Mullein (Verbascum) Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)	0,2